The amount of oxygen required by the cells can be expressed by the specific oxygen uptake rate, which is characteristic for each organism, and may vary in different process phases and under different process conditions 6. If oxygen is limited or the oxygen concentrations are fluctuating, the growth rate is reduced and may lead to a reduced product formation rate and changes in metabolism 3- 5. Due to its low solubility, oxygen is the only nutrient that needs to be added throughout the whole process. Oxygen must continuously be present in dissolved form in the medium for a continuous utilization by the cells. Since the majority of biopharmaceuticals are produced in aerobic processes, the oxygen supply of the cells plays a crucial role. Depending on the type of biopharmaceutical, either cell cultures of plant or animal origin or microorganisms are used. The global market value is currently above $300 billion 1 and is forecasted to increase to $389 billion by 2024 2. Biopharmaceuticals are a fast-growing market with enormous potential for the pharmaceutical industry.
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